Tax evasion and corruption is a problem in Greece. Tax evasion has been described by Greek politicians as "a national sport"--with up to EUR30 billion per year going uncollected.
Political corruption is acknowledged as a significant problem by many observers, but some believe its size has been overstated by international media. According to Transparency International Greece's National Integrity Assessment 2012, the problem of corruption in Greece is the confluence of many factors, including a weak enforcement of the law, a lack of audits, the absence of codes of conduct, the non-transparency of government activities, an inefficient bureaucracy, government impunity and broad discretionary powers and a lack of public awareness.
According to Transparency International's Global Corruption Barometer 2013, 90% of surveyed households consider political parties to be corrupt or extremely corrupt--ranking as the most corrupt institution in Greece. Furthermore, 39% of the surveyed households believe that the level of corruption has increased a lot, and 46% of surveyed households find government efforts in the fight against corruption to be very ineffective.
The government's corruption efforts have not been evaluated as effective, according to several sources, which has been attributed to lax enforcement of anti-corruption legislation and the ineffectiveness of anti-corruption agencies. Anti-corruption agencies have been hindered by excessive political influence and continuous replacement of staff. Recent involvement of high-ranking public officials in corruption cases has been reported in the media.
Alleged origin of Greek corruption
Commentators both within and outside Greece have attributed this flaw in Greek culture to a mismanagement of Ottoman Greece by the Ottoman Empire. In Ottoman-occupied Greece tax resistance became a form of patriotism, and property and commercial tax systems were left in shambles.
Extent of Greek tax evasion
The OECD estimated in August 2009 that the size of the Greek grey market to be around EUR65bn (equal to 25% of GDP), resulting each year in EUR20bn of unpaid taxes. This was in comparison almost twice as big as the German black market (estimated to 15% of GDP). Data for 2012 place the Greek "black market" at 24.3% of GDP, compared with 28.6% for Estonia, 26.5% for Latvia, 21.6% for Italy, 17.1% for Belgium and 13.5% for Germany. There is however a correlation with the percentage of Greek population that is self-employed (31.9% in Greece vs. 15% EU average), as several studies have shown the clear correlation between tax evasion and self-employment.
Several successive Greek governments had in the past attempted to improve the situation. A rapid increase in government revenues through implementing a more effective tax collecting system has been recommended. Implementing the proper reforms, is however estimated to be a slow process, requiring at least two legislative periods before they start to work.
In the last quarter of 2005, 49% of the companies inspected by the tax authorities were found to have committed tax offences, while in January 2006 it fell to 41.6%. A study by researchers from the University of Chicago concluded that tax evasion in 2009 by self-employed professionals alone in Greece (accountants, dentists, lawyers, doctors, personal tutors and independent financial advisers) was EUR28 billion or 31% of the budget deficit that year.
The Tax Justice Network has said that there are over EUR20 billion in Swiss bank accounts held by Greeks. The former Finance Minister of Greece, Evangelos Venizelos, was quoted as saying "Around 15,000 individuals and companies owe the taxman 37 billion euros". Additionally, the TJN puts the number of Greek-owned off-shore companies to over 10,000.
Fakelaki
In Greek, fakelaki means "little envelope" but is also used in Greek popular culture as a jargon term referring to the bribery of public servants and private companies by Greek citizens in order to "expedite" service. According to this practice, sums of money are stuffed in the files and passed across the desk to secure appointments, documents approval and permits. The term was mainly associated with the corruption amongst the doctors of the National Healthcare Service (ESY).
Government efforts at revenue collection
Following similar actions by the United Kingdom and Germany, the Greek government is in talks with Switzerland to tax bank accounts in Switzerland owned by Greek citizens. The Ministry of Finance has revealed that Greek Swiss bank account holders will either have to pay a tax or reveal information such as the identity of the bank account holder to the Greek internal revenue services. The Greek and Swiss governments are to reach a deal on the matter by the end of 2011.
Anticorruption measures
The Inspector General of Public Administration has started an online census of civil servants. In connection with this census he has uncovered a number criminal offenses, including an entire non-existent health authority.
Tax collection improvements
In 2010 the government has implemented a tax reform. The year 2012 saw the introduction of a duty of non-cash payments for amounts over 1,500 Euros.
The Greek police have established a special unit, which deals exclusively with tax offenses. Germany has offered experts from its financial management and tax investigation office to help build a more efficient tax administration. However, months later it was not clear whether Greek officials would accept the offer.
In November 2011, the new Greek finance minister Evangelos Venizelos called upon all persons who owe the state more than EUR150,000 to pay their outstanding taxes by 24 November or find their names on a black list published on the Internet. The government later revealed the list, which also includes a number of prominent Greeks, including pop stars and sportsmen.
Forokarta
The Forokarta is a "tax card" proposed by the government of Greece in August 2011, which would be used to facilitate collection of receipts for purchases; this would allow the Greek finance ministry to clamp down on rampant tax evasion, by comparing individuals' spending to their income, and by comparing business' actual revenues to their accounts. As of 2015, this measure is largely defunct and can be considered a failed project.
Lagarde list
The Greek government has not completed an investigation of a list of 1,991 persons purported to hold accounts with Swiss bank HSBC that it received in 2010 from former French finance minister Christine Lagarde. Initially, officials claimed at various times to have lost or misplaced the information. On 29 October 2012 the government changed its position saying it would not use stolen information to prosecute suspected offenders. Instead, Greek authorities arrested Kostas Vaxevanis, journalist and editor of the weekly magazine Hot Doc, who published the "Lagarde list". He was charged for breaching privacy laws that could have seen him sentenced to two years in prison. However after a trial lasting only a day, he was acquitted.
The list includes an advisor to former Greek prime minister Antonis Samaras, as well as a former minister and a member of Samaras' New Democracy political party. The list also contains the names of officials in the finance ministry.
Mr Vaxevanis said he thought the government had not acted on the list because it included friends of ministers, businessmen and powerful publishers. He also accused much of the Greek media of ignoring the story. "The Greek press is muzzled", he said. "There is a closed system of power in Greece, wielded by the political elite, businessmen and journalists."
Corruption cases
- Hellenic Statistical Authority
- Siemens Greek bribery scandal
- Paranga (football)
- Koriopolis, match fixing in football
- Greek Financial Audit, 2004
- Greek financial audits, 2009-2010
See also
- Taxation in Greece
- Greek government-debt crisis
- Crime in Greece
References
External resources
- Greece Corruption Profile from the Business Anti-Corruption Portal
- Michael Lewis, "Beware of Greeks Bearing Bonds." Vanity Fair, 1 October 2010.
- http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_wsite2_1_05/11/2013_526451
- Income tax#Transparency and public disclosure
- http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/14/business/yourtaxes/14disclose.html
- http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-06-18-salaries_N.htm
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